Cov hlau yog siv dav hauv kev ua cov khoom siv tshuab. Tsis tsuas yog cov hlau, txhuas thiab tooj liab, tab sis kuj muaj titanium thiab ntau yam hlau thiab tooj liab alloys uas ua rau lub neej niaj hnub. Nrog kev txhim kho cov hlau ua kom zoo thiab cov hlau alloys, cov cuab yeej phais mob nyuaj thiab kev cog hniav ruaj khov rau hauv tib neeg lub cev tau ua tiav.
Qhov xav tsis thoob txog cov hlau tsis yog ntau npaum li cas cov hlau peb niaj hnub no, tab sis hais tias nws coj peb ntau txhiab xyoo dhau los ua kev paub txog cov tooj liab thiab hlau. Piv txwv li, thawj cov hlau tau tsim tawm hauv Is Nrias teb xyoo 400 BC, tab sis nws tsis txog rau thaum nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua puv 19 tias txoj kev lag luam txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov hlau tau tsim. Nws tsis yog txog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20 uas cov hlau tsim ua lub pob zeb ruaj khov rau kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb. Tam sim no, ntau lawm steel tau dhau los ua qhov khoom plig zoo. Vim tias nws cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb hauv kev siv tshwj xeeb, ntau qib sib txawv thiab ntau yam tau siv.
Thaum tib neeg nyob hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev siv lub tshuab ua tshuab, qhov kev xaiv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kuj tseem ceeb heev. Cov cuab yeej ntawm cov seem ua los ntawm cov khoom siv hlau sib txawv kuj muaj qhov sib txawv, thiab dhau los ntawm kev nkag siab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, lawv tuaj yeem ua qhov kev xaiv zoo dua qub kom lawv tau qhov lawv xav tau. Kev kho tshuab seem ua tshuab.
Kev kho tshuab seem ua tshuab, ntu ua tiav
Tom ntej no, cia peb nkag siab txog qhov xwm ntawm cov khoom siv hlau xaiv rau machining qhov chaw:
1. Tooj liab. Tooj liab yog ib qho ntawm cov thawj hlau nrhiav pom hauv 9000 BC. Nws yog ib qho muaj zog, sau tau hlau nrog zoo hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductivity. Nws kuj muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv xeb thiab lwm yam kev cuam tshuam los ntawm xeb. Tooj liab tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev sib raug zoo niaj hnub no, nqa cua sov thiab dej huv rau hauv peb lub tsev thiab cov tsev. Tooj liab yog siv rau hauv CNC machining ntawm li qub, hydraulic tubing, tshuab hluav taws xob, cua txias tshuab thiab hloov ua cua sov.
2. Tooj tooj ci. Cov tooj liab yog qhov sib txuas ntawm tooj liab thiab yajthem. Peb tsis txhob' t paub lub sijhawm paub txog lub sijhawm, tab sis nws tau siv los ntawm Sumerians txheej thaum ub li 3500 BC. Cov tooj daj yog qhov muaj zog, tawv tawv uas tiv taus hnav thiab xeb. Bronze feem ntau siv rau cov kabmob, cov nplov ntoo, screws, seem xov thiab qhov txuas hluav taws xob hauv kev siv lub tshuab ntawm cov khoom siv tshuab.
3. Hlau. Hlau yog huab tais cov hlau. Qhov pom thiab siv cov hlau pauv keeb kwm ntiaj teb. Qhov no yog vim li cas peb faib cov keeb kwm qub rau Hnub nyoog Bronze thiab Cov Hlau Hlau. Cov hlau tau pom hauv 1500 BC thiab tau siv yuav luag tam sim los ua riam phom thiab khoom siv. Txawm hais tias hlau tsis siv nyob rau hauv CNC machining, qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb vim tias thaum kawg cov hlau yuav raug ua kom huv los ua cov hlau, hlau ua hlau uas ua rau lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no.
4. Stainless hlau. Nyob rau xyoo kaum xyoo kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, Andrew Carnegie tso American hlau rau hauv daim ntawv qhia, tab sis qhov kev txhim kho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov tshuab niaj hnub yog xyoo 1919, thaum Harry Brearley (Harry Brearley) Kev tshawb pom ntawm stainless hlau-tsawg carbon hlau nrog chromium, uas ua rau nws tiv taus corrosion. Los ntawm screws rau aircraft qhov, stainless hlau muaj txhua yam. Qhov yooj yim ntawm kev ntxuav thiab lub zog-rau-hnyav piv ntawm stainless hlau ua rau nws xaiv thawj rau ntau cov ntawv kho mob. Stainless hlau thiab nws cov alloys yog siv rau hauv kev ua cov khoom siv tshuab los tsim rau cov tshuab huab cua thiab cov tsheb, cov khoom siv phais mob thiab kho mob, thiab txhua feem uas xav tau kev txhim kho corrosion thiab lub zog.
5. Titanium. Titanium tau pom hauv 1791 AD. Nws yog lub teeb yuag, corrosion-resistant, thiab muaj zog-hlau. Nws yog siv hauv aerospace, kev kho mob, tub rog thiab khoom kis las tom qab ua cov khoom siv tshuab. Nws tau siv tshwj xeeb rau kev kho mob vim tias nws tsis ua rau lub cev tsis zoo ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Nyob rau kaum xyoo dhau los, kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv tau ua cov txheej txheem ntawm titanium yooj yim dua, tab sis nws tseem xav tau kev paub dhau los, kev txawj ntse thiab cov khoom siv kom raug. Raws li kev lag luam aviation loj hlob los ntawm txhuas mus rau titanium, qib kev txawj ntawm kev ua haujlwm CNC machining yuav dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev ua tiav ntawm cov tuam txhab aircraft.
6. Aluminium. Aluminium nyhav ib feem peb ntawm cov hlau thiab yog cov hlau feem ntau nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb' s ua kiav txhab. Aluminium yog qhov pheej yig, ruaj, malleable, thiab 100% recyclable tau. Tom qab nrhiav tau nyob hauv nruab nrab xyoo 19th, nws tau dhau los ua cov hlau ntawm kev xaiv hauv kev thauj mus los, kev tsim kho thiab kev tiv thaiv kev lag luam. Aluminium yog siv nyob rau hauv CNC machining ntawm lub tshuab qhov chaw los ua vaj tse, txee, txhawm iav thiab cov cuab yeej siv kho mob.
Tom qab daws qhov kev tsim khoom qub, cov kev cov nyom tshiab zoo li tau hloov lawv. Txhawm rau kom tau raws li cov kev lag luam no, metallurgists yeej ib txwm sim nrog cov hlau alloys tshiab thiab nrhiav cov kev ua kom muaj zog, sib dua thiab pheej yig dua.